{"schemaVersion":1,"id":"justice","title":"Justice","summary":"What the available 2015 codes say about court jurisdiction, appeals, arrest, prosecution, and responsibility.","questions":[{"label":"Which court hears a civil case?","answer":"The 2015 Code uses the amount involved and whether a claim concerns immovable property to assign the listed civil jurisdiction.","href":"/sectors/justice/procedures/civil-court-jurisdiction/","source":"Civil Procedure Code (2015), Articles 43–46"},{"label":"Where does a civil appeal go?","answer":"The 2015 Code describes Community → Regional → High → Supreme and states notice and memorandum deadlines.","href":"/sectors/justice/procedures/civil-appeal-path/","source":"Civil Procedure Code (2015), Articles 360–365"},{"label":"What rights apply at arrest?","answer":"The 2015 Code states a warrant-first rule and requires immediate notice of the allegation, the 48-hour court right, the right to counsel, and reasonable effort to notify a relative.","href":"/sectors/justice/procedures/arrest-rights/","source":"Criminal Procedure Code (2015), Articles 29 and 33"},{"label":"Who may seek an heir certificate?","answer":"The 2015 Civil Code states that an heir may apply to the Court, which may require evidence and security it considers appropriate.","href":"/sectors/justice/procedures/inheritance-certificate/","source":"Civil Code (2015), Article 853"}],"courtLevels":[{"name":"Community Court","civilRole":{"description":"Lower-value civil suits within Article 44 thresholds.","citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 44","href":"/law/civil-procedure-code-2015/article/44/"},"criminalRole":{"description":"Petty offences assigned by other laws.","citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 17(3)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/17/#p3"},"appeal":{"label":"First appeal to Regional Court","citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 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direct or conduct investigations, initiate and conduct prosecutions, represent the State on appeal, and inspect detention conditions.","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 23","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/23/"},{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 24","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/24/"}]},{"name":"Courts","description":"The available provisions assign civil and criminal trial jurisdiction by court level.","evidence":[{"citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 43","href":"/law/civil-procedure-code-2015/article/43/"},{"citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 44","href":"/law/civil-procedure-code-2015/article/44/"},{"citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 45","href":"/law/civil-procedure-code-2015/article/45/"},{"citation":"Civil Procedure Code, Article 46","href":"/law/civil-procedure-code-2015/article/46/"},{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 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assigned by the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code.","scope":{"kind":"legal-text","sourceEdition":"2015","currentPracticeEstablished":false,"publicNote":"This is the 2015 Code’s path, not a claim about every case today."},"actors":[{"id":"person","name":"Any person"},{"id":"police","name":"Police"},{"id":"prosecutor","name":"Prosecutor"},{"id":"court","name":"Court"}],"stages":[{"id":"complaint","number":"01","title":"Report","actorIds":["person"],"description":"Any person may complain to the police or a prosecutor about suspected criminal activity.","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 48(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/48/#p1"}]},{"id":"investigation","number":"02","title":"Investigation","actorIds":["police","prosecutor"],"description":"Police investigate when an offence appears to have occurred; a prosecutor may direct or conduct an investigation.","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 50(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/50/#p1"},{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 24(1)(a)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/24/#p1a"}]},{"id":"charge","number":"03","title":"Charge decision","actorIds":["prosecutor"],"description":"The prosecutor decides whether the evidence warrants proceedings and what charges, if any, to file.","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 62(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/62/#p1"},{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 87(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/87/#p1"}]},{"id":"judgment","number":"04","title":"Trial and decision","actorIds":["court"],"description":"The Court opens the trial and, after final addresses, makes a finding of guilty or not guilty and gives the parties a written decision.","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 104(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/104/#p1"},{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 150(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/150/#p1"}]}],"relationships":[{"id":"complaint-can-open-investigation","type":"procedure-sequence","from":"complaint","to":"investigation","label":"may open","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 48(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/48/#p1"}]},{"id":"investigation-report-goes-to-prosecutor","type":"procedure-sequence","from":"investigation","to":"charge","label":"report goes to prosecutor","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 59(2)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/59/#p2"}]},{"id":"filed-charge-goes-to-court","type":"procedure-sequence","from":"charge","to":"judgment","label":"filed in court","evidence":[{"citation":"Criminal Procedure Code, Article 87(1)","href":"/law/criminal-procedure-code-2015/article/87/#p1"}]}]}]}